CAREGIVER DENIED VISA OVER FAILURE TO SHOW WORK EXPERIENCE

Interesting case. Applicants need to remember that the onus is on them to show that they meet the regulatory requirements.

Maxim v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)

Between

Mihaela Maxim, Applicant, and


The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Respondent

[2012] F.C.J. No. 1113

2012 FC 1029

Docket IMM-6222-11
Federal Court

Montréal, Quebec
de Montigny J.
Heard: March 6, 2012.

Judgment: August 29, 2012.

(36 paras.)
_______________________________________
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT

1 de MONTIGNY J.:-- This is an application by Mihaela Maxim (the "Applicant") for judicial review under subsection 72(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 [IRPA] of a decision by visa officer Julie Frechette (the "Officer") of the Canadian Visa office in Vienna, Austria. The decision, dated June 27, 2011, refused the Applicant's application for a work permit on the grounds that she did not meet the requirements of section 112 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227 [IRPR].

1. Facts

2 The Applicant was born in Romania on March 21, 1973, and is a citizen of Hungary. She was granted a visitor visa and came to Canada on June 20, 2009, to visit with her brother. This visitor visa expired on December 20, 2010. The Applicant is married and has a child who resides in Hungary.

3 On February 21, 2011, the Canadian Embassy in Vienna (the "Embassy") received the Applicant's "Application for work permit made outside of Canada" (the "Work Permit Application") for a job as a live-in caregiver for a 76 year-old woman in Baie-d'Urfé, Quebec.

4 The Applicant received a positive Labour Market Opinion (LMO) for the position on July 23, 2010, which was valid until January 22, 2011. Upon receiving the LMO, the Applicant applied for a Certificat d'acceptation du Québec (CAQ), which was received on December 13, 2010.

5 On February 17, 2011, the Applicant submitted her Work Permit Application to the Embassy. On March 11, 2011, the Applicant received a letter, dated February 28, 2011, which informed her that her Work Permit Application was refused on the basis that it was not supported by a valid LMO.

6 Counsel for the Applicant sent a letter to the Embassy on March 31, 2011, informing the Officer that the decision was incorrect because, despite having an expiry date of January 22, 2011, the LMO was valid for three months after the issuance of a CAQ. When the Officer received that letter, she realized her mistake and decided to re-evaluate the Work Permit Application, as well as all evidence filed in support of the Work Permit Application. By letter dated April 21, 2011, the Embassy invited the Applicant to attend an interview at the Embassy within 30 days and to present certain additional information, including, for example, official evidence of her experience as a live-in caregiver. The letter specified that the interview and documentation would permit the Officer "to give [the Applicant's] application further consideration [...]".

7 By email dated April 29, 2011, the Embassy was informed that an application for leave and judicial review had been filed by the Applicant. On May 18, 2011, the Applicant discontinued her application for leave and judicial review in light of the scheduled interview and reconsideration of her Work Permit Application.

8 On May 23, 2011, the Applicant travelled from Canada to Vienna to participate in an interview at the Embassy. The Officer and the Applicant differ significantly as to the tone of the interview. It appears from the accounts of both the Applicant and the Officer that the interview revolved around the following three issues: (i) what the Applicant had been doing with her time and how she had been supporting herself since arriving in Canada on June 20, 2009; (ii) her reasons for coming to Canada; and (iii) her experience as a care-giver in Hungary.

9 The Applicant argues that the Officer was disrespectful and aggressive during the interview in several ways:



• -

The Officer personally selected the Applicant to undergo two additional security checks through a metal detector before being taken into the interview (both of which were in addition to the one that all visitors must pass through);

• -

The Officer implied that the Applicant was not a good mother for coming to Canada without her child and that she had been working illegally in Canada;

• -

In response to concerns regarding her caregiving experience in Hungary, the Applicant suggested that the Officer contact her former employer to verify her level of experience, to which the Officer stated that she "did not want to bother Mrs Rochlitz";

• -

When the Officer briefly spoke French she did so in a strong accent and ridiculed the Applicant for not understanding her; and

• -

The Officer constantly repeated phrases addressing the Applicant's credibility, such as: "I can't believe you"; "I can't give you the visa"; "I won't give you the visa because you worked illegally in Canada"; and "You work for your brother or somewhere else".

10 Having told the Officer that she did not work while in Canada and was supporting herself by withdrawing money from two bank accounts in Europe, the Officer asked the Applicant to produce evidence to that effect. On June 14, 2011, the Embassy received a photocopy of a bank card and transaction records from Instabank. The withdrawals were all made at the Bank of Montréal on six consecutive days (from March 18, 2011, to March 23, 2011), and were for large amounts that appeared to be the daily maximum the Applicant could withdraw.

11 The Officer did not investigate the financial support issue further, as she was of the view that the Applicant had not met the statutory requirements for the issuance of a work permit under the Live-in Caregiver Program. She refused the Applicant's Work Permit Application on June 27, 2011, on the grounds that she did not meet the requirements under paragraph 112(c)(ii) of the IRPR.

2. The impugned decision

12 The Officer rejected the Work Permit Application because the Applicant did not establish that she met all of the requirements of Part 11 of the IRPR. In her decision letter, the Officer checked three boxes as her reasons for refusal. She was not satisfied that the Applicant had completed six months of training in a classroom setting as a live-in caregiver, or that she had completed one year of full-time employment, including six months of continuous employment for one employer, as a live-in caregiver, as required by section 112 of the IRPR. Additionally, the Officer found that the Applicant had submitted documentation as part of her Work Permit Application which lacked authenticity and diminished her overall credibility.

13 The Global Case Management System ("GCMS") notes for May 23, 2011, provide more information on the Officer's concerns:



• Declares in her CV she worked as cashier (at a grocery store) from 1997 to 2006. She provided evidence of registration and income tax issued by the grocery store (Csemege-Match Kereskedelmi zrt). Says this is the co. where she is registered for social ins purposes. Says this is where her salary as caregiver was declared. Says that she was working as such while on maternity leave. There is an income declared as s-e position. Says however that she did not have a business licence, this does not exist for caregiver positions. I note that the docs that should confirm her income in s-e position of caregiver have different format of typing for the dates and the entry of the person who would have hired appl as caregiver (Rochlitz Tiborne Erzebet). I also note that all those statements are printed on Cdian size paper. One of those docs is an original as it bears appl's and claimed employer's signatures. This all raises concerns as to the genuineness of the docs provided to demonstrate experience. I informed her of my concerns: she says it is b/c those documents were sent from the Hungarian authorities to the Hungarian Embassy in Ottawa. That does not explain the original signatures while all other docs are copies. Furthermore, I reviewed the notes of appl's TRV appl in Budapest V0710B0039 submitted in Oct 2007. At that time, she declared she was working as cashier and was on maternity leave. No mention at all of a s-e position as caregiver. Based on info provided with appl and at interview, I am not satisfied appl possess work experience as outlined in R112(c)(ii) and will be refused for this reason. Will wait for add info re: banking transactions from Cda in her European accounts to demonstrate her own financial support to remove concerns re: possible work w/o wp and not refuse re. R200(e)(l) as well.



• Affidavit of Julie Frechette, Exh. "A", Respondent's Record.

3. Issues

14 There are two issues to be determined on this application for judicial review:



• a)

Did the Officer err by determining that the Applicant had not demonstrated the requisite work experience?

• b)

Did the Officer breach a duty of procedural fairness?

4. The statutory framework

15 The following provision of IRPA is applicable in these proceedings:



• Application before entering Canada



• 11.

(1) A foreign national must, before entering Canada, apply to an officer for a visa or for any other document required by the regulations. The visa or document may be issued if, following an examination, the officer is satisfied that the foreign national is not inadmissible and meets the requirements of this Act.

* * *



• Visa et documents



• 11.

(1) L'étranger doit, préalablement à son entrée au Canada, demander à l'agent les visa et autres documents requis par règlement. L'agent peut les délivrer sur preuve, à la suite d'un contrôle, que l'étranger n'est pas interdit de territoire et se conforme à la présente loi.

16 Pursuant to section 111 of the IRPR, a foreign national who seeks to enter Canada as a live-in caregiver must make an application for a work permit in accordance with Part 11 of the IRPR, and apply for a temporary resident visa, if such a visa is required by Part 9 of the IRPR.

17 The phrase "live-in caregiver" is defined in section 2 of the IRPR:



• "live-in caregiver" means a person who resides in and provides child care, senior home support care or care of the disabled without supervision in the private household in Canada where the person being cared for resides. "aide familial" Personne qui fournit sans supervision des soins à domicile à un enfant, à une personne âgée ou à une personne handicapée, dans une résidence privée située au Canada où résident à la fois la personne bénéficiant des soins et celle qui les prodigue.

18 Section 112 of the IRPR, as found in Part 11, sets out the conditions that must be met before a work permit can be issued to a foreign national. That section provides:



• Work permits -- requirements



• 112.

A work permit shall not be issued to a foreign national who seeks to enter Canada as a live-in caregiver unless they



• (a)

applied for a work permit as a live-in caregiver before entering Canada;

• (b)

have successfully completed a course of study that is equivalent to the successful completion of secondary school in Canada;

• (c)

have the following training or experience, in a field or occupation related to the employment for which the work permit is sought, namely,



• (i)

successful completion of six months of full-time training in a classroom setting, or

• (ii)

completion of one year of full-time paid employment, including at least six months of continuous employment with one employer, in such a field or occupation within the three years immediately before the day on which they submit an application for a work permit;



• (d)

have the ability to speak, read and listen to English or French at a level sufficient to communicate effectively in an unsupervised setting; and

• (e)

have an employment contract with their future employer. Permis de travail : exigences

* * *



• 112.

Le permis de travail ne peut être délivré à l'étranger qui cherche à entrer au Canada au titre de la catégorie des aides familiaux que si l'étranger se conforme aux exigences suivantes :



• a)

il a fait une demande de permis de travail à titre d'aide familial avant d'entrer au Canada;

• b)

il a terminé avec succès des études d'un niveau équivalent à des études secondaires terminées avec succès au Canada;

• c)

il a la formation ou l'expérience ci-après dans un domaine ou une catégorie d'emploi lié au travail pour lequel le permis de travail est demandé :



• (i)

une formation à temps plein de six mois en salle de classe, terminée avec succès,

• (ii)

une année d'emploi rémunéré à temps plein -- dont au moins six mois d'emploi continu auprès d'un même employeur -- dans ce domaine ou cette catégorie d'emploi au cours des trois années précédant la date de présentation de la demande de permis de travail;



• d)

il peut parler, lire et écouter l'anglais ou le français suffisamment pour communiquer de façon efficace dans une situation non supervisée;

• e)

il a conclu un contrat d'emploi avec son futur employeur.

5. The standard of review

19 A visa officer's decision to grant or to refuse a work permit to an applicant involves substantial factual findings, which are reviewable on the standard of reasonableness and require a high degree of deference. Visa officers have a recognized expertise in assessing these applications, and this Court will not intervene unless the decision challenged does not fall within a range of possible, acceptable outcomes which are defensible in respect of the facts and law: Dunsmuir v New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, [2008] 1 SCR 190 at para 47. See also: Ngalamulume v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 1268, 362 FTR 42 at paras 15-16; Odicho v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 1039, 341 FTR 18 at paras 8-9; Obeng v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 754, 330 FTR 196 at para 21.

20 As a general rule, issues of natural justice and procedural fairness are to be reviewed on the basis of a correctness standard (Khosa v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 SCC 12, [2009] 1 SCR 339 at para 43).

6. Analysis



• a)

Did the Officer err by determining that the Applicant had not demonstrated the requisite work experience?

21 To satisfy section 112 of the IRPR, the Applicant needed to demonstrate that she had six months of formal education or one year of experience in the field for which she was applying (live-in caregiver). The onus is on the applicants to provide a visa officer with all of the relevant information to satisfy an officer that they meet the statutory requirements of IRPA and the IRPR. In the case at bar, the Applicant had to provide evidence of her employment experience in the caregiver field, as required by paragraph 112(c)(ii) of the IRPR, as she clearly had not completed the six months of live-in caregiver training in a classroom setting required in the alternative under paragraph 112(c)(i). The Officer found that she failed to do so and, in light of the evidence that was before her, I have not been persuaded that her decision was unreasonable.

22 In her Work Permit Application, the Applicant declared having worked for Rochlitz Tiborne Erzebet from January 1, 2007, to May 1, 2008. She produced a handwritten document from her employer to support this work experience. The Officer, however, did not consider the letter to be a reliable piece of evidence of her work experience, as anybody could have written said letter. She therefore decided to give the Applicant the benefit of an interview, in order to provide additional information on her claimed work experience as a live-in caregiver, as declared in her Work Permit Application. The letter sent to the Applicant inviting her to an interview requested that she bring with her to that interview, amongst other things, official evidence of experience as a live-in caregiver (such as salary statements, evidence of registration with social insurance, tax returns, etc.).

23 At the interview, the Applicant provided a curriculum vitae and evidence of registration and income tax statements issued by the grocery store where she worked as a cashier from 1997 to 2006. During the interview, the Applicant explained that she was working as a caregiver while on maternity leave; as such, she was registered under the grocery store for social insurance purposes and that this is where her salary was declared.

24 The Officer noted that there was income declared in a self-employed position. However, she noticed that the documents that should confirm her income in a self-employed position as caregiver had a different font for both the dates and the name of the person alleged to have hired her as a caregiver. Moreover, the statements were printed on Canadian size paper instead of European, and one of those documents was not a copy as it contained original signatures for both the Applicant and the alleged employer.

25 At the interview, the Officer put these concerns to the Applicant. The Applicant explained that the documents were sent from the Hungarian authorities to the Hungarian Embassy in Ottawa. If all of these documents were copies, this explanation could have been satisfactory to justify the paper format. Yet, one of the documents submitted as an original Hungarian document, allegedly bearing the Applicant's and the alleged employer's original signatures, was submitted on Canadian-sized paper instead of on European-sized paper. As a result, this explanation did not alleviate the Officer's concerns regarding the authenticity of these documents. Based on the evidence and the explanations provided by the Applicant, it was clearly reasonable for the Officer to attribute no weight to the Applicant's documentary evidence.

26 The Officer also noticed that on the Applicant's temporary resident visa application submitted in Budapest in October 2007, she had declared that she was working as a cashier and was on maternity leave. There was no mention of self-employment as a caregiver.

27 Finally, when asked why she was living separately from her husband and her four year-old daughter, she answered that she had made this decision with her husband in order to learn French. The Officer then asked her a very simple question in French, but had to repeat it three times for the Applicant to understand. The Applicant then changed her explanation as to why she was living separately from her family, saying that it was to learn both French and English.

28 None of these facts, which are based on the account given by the Officer in her affidavit and on the entries of the GCMS, have been disputed by the Applicant. I note, moreover, that the Officer has not been cross-examined by counsel for the Applicant. In those circumstances, it was clearly reasonable for the Officer to conclude that the Applicant had not reliably demonstrated that she had experience as a live-in caregiver. The Officer did not ignore evidence in conducting this assessment but drew conclusions based on the answers and evidence provided by the Applicant.



• b)

Did the Officer breach a duty of procedural fairness?

29 The Applicant submitted that the Officer breached the requirements of natural justice: first, because she was treated in a disrespectful and intimidating manner; second, because the Officer demonstrated a reasonable apprehension of bias; and third, because she was not given an opportunity to address the Officer's concerns. Unfortunately for her, the evidence does not support these allegations.

30 An allegation of bias is a serious one and cannot be proffered lightly. The Court of Appeal in Arthur v Canada (Attorney General), 2001 FCA 223, [2001] FCJ no 1091 [Arthur], has stated that an allegation of bias cannot rest on impressions or suspicion. The threshold for a finding of real or perceived bias is high. A real likelihood or probability of bias must be demonstrated:



• An allegation of bias, especially actual and not simply apprehended bias, against a tribunal is a serious allegation. It challenges the integrity of the tribunal and of its members who participated in the impugned decision. It cannot be done lightly. It cannot rest on mere suspicion, pure conjecture, insinuations or mere impressions of an applicant or his counsel. It must be supported by material evidence demonstrating conduct that derogates from the standard. It is often useful, and even necessary, in doing so, to resort to evidence extrinsic to the case. That is why such evidence is admissible in derogation of the principle that an application for judicial review must bear on the matter as it came before the court or tribunal.



• Arthur, above, at para 8.

31 In this case, the only evidence relied on by the Applicant was her impression that the Officer was hostile and unfriendly, and was looking for something to discredit her. The interview may have been a jarring experience for the Applicant subjectively, and the Officer may not have come across as polite and courteous; nevertheless, these are clearly insufficient grounds to support a finding of bias. The GCMS notes reveal that the Officer apologized to the Applicant for her prior error in rejecting the Applicant's Work Permit Application. She nevertheless had legitimate concerns regarding the adequacy of the documentation presented by the Applicant and put those concerns to the Applicant, who had every opportunity to present her submissions and rebut the Officer's concerns.

32 The Officer's extensive notes, taken on the day of the interview, do not corroborate the Applicant's perceptions of bias and certainly do not disclose any tension or improper behaviour during the interview. These notes, which are more contemporaneous than the Applicant's affidavit, should be given more weight than the Applicant's version of what took place on that day: see Oei v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 FCT 466, 221 FTR 112 at para 42; Ahmed v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC 1203, [2006] FCJ no 1506 at para 18; Al Nahhas v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FC 1507, [2006] FCJ no 1949 at paras 14-17. Moreover, the Officer had no vested interest in any particular outcome of the Applicant's Work Permit Application: Ayertey v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 599, [2010] FCJ no 698 at para 23; Austini v Canada (Solicitor General), 2007 FC 755, [2007] FCJ no 1009 at para 13.

33 The Officer was entitled to question the Applicant about her status and activities since 2009 while living in Canada. The Officer is statutorily required to inquire or verify whether the Applicant had worked illegally in Canada (without obtaining a work permit). Pursuant to paragraph 200(3)(e) of the IRPR, a visa officer shall not issue a work permit to a foreign national if he/she has engaged in unauthorized work in Canada. The questions asked at the interview were therefore legitimate, and they cannot demonstrate a reasonable apprehension of bias.

34 In any event, it is important to recall that the Applicant's Work Permit Application was refused because she failed to establish that she satisfied the work experience requirement of paragraph 112(c)(ii) of the IRPR, and not because she worked illegally in Canada. A review of the refusal letter, the GCMS notes and the Officer's affidavit demonstrates that the Officer did not find that the Applicant had worked illegally in Canada.

35 Finally, the Applicant has submitted no evidence that she raised this argument of apprehension of bias before the Officer. She failed to establish that she complained to the Officer about the latter's alleged behaviour or about the fact that the Officer had previously refused her Work Permit Application. Moreover, the Applicant failed to demonstrate that she asked the Officer to have her Work Permit Application assessed by another visa officer. Her failure to object at the interview amounts to an implied waiver of the right to raise the issue at this stage: Fletcher v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 909, [2008] FCJ no 1130 at para 17.

36 For all of the above reasons, this application for judicial review ought to be dismissed, without costs.

JUDGMENT

THIS COURT'S JUDGMENT is that this application for judicial review is dismissed, without costs.

de MONTIGNY J

CHINESE WORK PERMIT APPLICANT REFUSED DUE TO LACK OF TIES, POOR PROSPEcTS

Work Permit applicants are assessed on a series of issues, but lack of ties at home and poor job prospects when returning are often reasons fo rrefusal.

Huang v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)

Between Huang, Zhai Ning, Applicant, and
The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Respondent

[2012] F.C.J. No. 203

2012 FC 145

Docket IMM-3046-11

 Federal Court
Montréal, Quebec

Martineau J.

Heard: February 1, 2012.
Judgment: February 8, 2012.

(16 paras.)

---

REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT

1     MARTINEAU J.:-- This is the second time that the applicant challenges the legality of a decision of the Canadian Embassy in China refusing the issuance of a work permit. The impugned decision, dated April 21, 2011, concludes once again that the applicant has failed to satisfy the Visa Officer that he will leave Canada by the end of his authorized stay. Accordingly, the applicant is not a genuine temporary resident pursuant to sections 197 and 200 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227.

2     The applicant, a Chinese citizen, is a cook in Tibet, who has been recruited to work for a Cantonese restaurant in Alberta for a two year contract. He is 35 years old, single, and has no children. The applicant's step-mother and three sisters live in Alberta. He also has a brother and a sister residing in Tibet. In February 2007, he applied for a work permit which was refused. He filed a second application in January 2010 which was also denied. In January 2011, the Court set aside the officer's decision and sent the application back for re-determination by another officer. The applicant was required to resubmit all supporting documentary evidence and update his application. The applicant reapplied and, on April 21, 2011, his application was again refused, leading to the present judicial review proceeding.

3     That said, the Visa Officer specifically took account of the applicant's declaration attesting to the warning given to the applicant by his potential Canadian employer with respect to the consequences of work permit contravention. The Visa Officer did not consider interviewing the applicant. Essentially, the Visa Officer found that the applicant could be easily replaced at his previous job; he had an income on the lower end of Chinese society; he did not provide evidence of any assets in China aside from an expired 30000 CNY bank book deposit; he presented no evidence of international travel; he remained registered in Guangdong province despite working and living in Tibet; and he had family in Canada in the same town where his job is located. On this evidence, the Visa Officer determined that the applicant had not demonstrated that he was well established in China. The Visa Officer also noted the financial incentive for the applicant to work in Canada and the "pull-factor" of the presence of his siblings in Canada. Consequently, the Officer was not satisfied that the applicant will depart Canada at the end of the authorized stay and accordingly refused his application for a work permit.

4     The standard of review of visa officers' decisions for a temporary work permit is that of reasonableness and considerable deference should be accorded to the Visa Officer's decision (Dunsmuir v New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9; Li v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 CF 1284; Ngalamulume v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 1268 at paras 15-16). However, the issue of whether procedural fairness required that the Visa Officer conduct an interview should be assessed on a correctness standard (Bravo v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 411 at para 9).

5     I have determined that the application for judicial review must fail. Although at the hearing before this Court, applicant's counsel questioned the reasonableness of each and all of the findings of fact mentioned in the CAIPS notes, it is more convenient to regroup by themes the main arguments made in this regard by the applicant. Moreover, at the outset, I wish to underline that the fact that the previous judicial review application was allowed by the Court is not determinative. Indeed, I am entirely satisfied that the Visa Officer, who is a different person, took a fresh look at the evidence before making a new decision.

Failing to interview the applicant

6     The applicant submits that an interview was required in his case. He argues that where the application demonstrates ineligibility on its face, a paper examination is sufficient but where an officer comes to a conclusion based on speculation that an applicant will commit an offence by overstaying, an interview should be conducted. No further corroboration other than what had been actually provided (i.e. the offer of employment in Canada) was needed in the circumstances. An interview was further warranted by the Visa Officer's reference to the bank note which was submitted as evidence by the applicant to show his assets. The Visa Officer noted that the bank note expired in November 2010 and that the applicant failed to demonstrate savings or funds with any other documents. The applicant argues that should the Officer really wonder where the money is, the applicant could have been called to an interview to tell him. The applicant submits that as the applicant's passport was being renewed and unavailable for submission, the Officer erred in a negative finding based on the applicant appearing to remain registered in Guangdong but residing and working in Tibet. It is submitted that natural justice would require this "appearance" to be confirmed by way of letter or interview.

7     The applicant's arguments are unconvincing. Case law teaches that where an applicant fails to meet the evidentiary onus of satisfying the Visa Officer that they will leave Canada at the end of their authorized stay, an interview is not a statutory requirement. It is the applicants who bears the onus of providing visa officers with thorough applications in the first place (Lu v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2002 FCT 440 at para 11; Dhillon v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 614 at paras 30-32; Bonilla v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 FC 20 at para 22 [Bollina ]). Generally, where an officer has extrinsic information of which the applicant is unaware, an opportunity to respond should be made available to the applicant to disabuse the officer of any concerns arising from that evidence (Ling v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2003 FC 1198 at para 16; Chow v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2001 FCT 996 at para 14). A similar exception is found where the officer's conclusion is based on a subjective consideration rather that on objective evidence (Bollina, above, at para 27; Yuan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2001] FCJ 1852 at para 12). This is not the case here. In this instance, the Visa Officer relied only on materials submitted by or known to the applicant and so he was not required to conduct an interview. By themselves, the expired bank note, the lack of any other financial records or documentation to confirm residency and registration, are relevant to assess financial capability and his degree of establishment in China (for example, the applicant does not own a house in China). Thus, no reviewable error has been made in this regard by the Visa Officer.

Considering a financial incentive

8     The applicant further submits that the Visa Officer failed to establish a link between his assessment and his conclusion that the applicant would overstay his temporary work permit. He argues that having a financial incentive to stay in Canada is not illegal and not necessarily indicative of a desire to stay illegally. In support of this position, the applicant relies upon Cao v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 941 [Cao ], in which the Court stated that a financial incentive, present in virtually all applications for temporary work permits, cannot be held against the applicant. Further, the applicant states that the Visa Officer is required to consider the difference in cost of living between Canada and China.

9     In fact, the Court has repeatedly stressed that a financial incentive, on its own, cannot justify an application refusal (Rengasamy v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FC 1229; Cao, above). This factor cannot discount every other evidence proffered by the applicant. However, a review of the Visa Officer's CAIPS notes reveals that this factor was not given inordinate weight - it was a factor considered in light of the lack of evidence establishing the applicant's ties to China, either familial or financial. There is no reviewable error in this instance.

·       Finding a negative inference on lack of international travel

10     The applicant takes issue with the Visa Officer's argument that a negative inference can be drawn from the applicant's lack of international travel. The applicant relies upon Ogunfowora v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2007 FC 471 at para 42, to argue that though lack of travel may be a consideration that "does not assist the applicants, on the other hand, it cannot hurt their application, since they have no negative travel. Thus this factor alone could not have been strong enough to overweigh the strong evidence to the contrary". The applicant submits that this was an argument advanced in the first application, and subsequently confirmed by the Court.

11     In the CAIPS notes, the Visa Officer stated: "The applicant has presented no evidence of previous international travel. International travel has become a sign of affluence in China and is one of the factors I consider when assessing if an applicant is established". An applicant's travel history cannot overweigh strong evidence to the contrary and cannot hurt the applicant. It remains, however, a relevant factor to be considered (Obeng v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 754 at para 13). In the case at bar, the applicant failed to establish sufficient economic or family ties with his country, had a nominal source of income and no verifiable proof of savings. The Visa Officer looked to the applicant's history of travel in order to support a finding of establishment, not to make one. This was not a reviewable error.

Disregarding the applicant's statement

12     The applicant further takes issue with the Visa Officer's failure to give proper weight to the applicant's declaration which was neither challenged nor put into question. This statement addressed the question of illegally overstaying the work permit and articulates the applicant's clear understanding of the consequences of doing so, and his undertaking to leave when required.

13     The Court has recognized that declarations of this sort, though not banal, cannot be presumed to be true and must be viewed in light of the totality of the evidence and the personal circumstances of the applicant; viewing them otherwise would amount to a policy where a declaration would be all that was required to prove that an applicant would not overstay his permit (Cao, above, at para 13). In the CAIPS notes, the Visa Officer acknowledged the applicant's statements, and determined that "these declarations however are not disinterested and could not be forced upon him". This is not an unreasonable inference in the Court's opinion.

14     In final analysis, the Court finds that the Visa Officer reviewed all the evidence that was made available to him and his decision is not unreasonable. The onus was on the applicant to show that he would leave Canada by the end of his authorized stay. To be clear, the Visa Officer did not have to conclude that the applicant would overstay. Any suggestion that the applicant's good faith or credibility should have been taken into account is misplaced in this case. No finding to the contrary was made by the Visa Officer as is apparent from a reading of the CAIPS notes. Furthermore, this does not constitute a positive factor in favour of the applicant or otherwise displace relevant countervailing concerns (Donkor v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 141 at para 13).

15     The Visa Officer was entitled to assess the applicant's establishment in China having regard to his employment, his financial savings and his familial ties. The Visa Officer considered that the applicant was an unmarried male with family in Canada, with no dependants, no job to return to in China and no assets. The Officer did not draw unreasonable inferences and natural justice was not breached in his failure to conduct an interview with the applicant. As mentioned earlier, the duty of fairness does not necessarily require an oral hearing in every case and a decision not to dialogue with the applicant was not incorrect in the circumstances.

16     The present application for judicial review shall therefore be dismissed. No question of general importance has been proposed by counsel to the Court.

JUDGMENT

THIS COURT ADJUDGES that the application for judicial review is dismissed. No question is certified.

MARTINEAU J.