Lukaj v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration)
Between
Valerian Lukaj, Applicant, and
The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Respondent
The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Respondent
[2013] F.C.J. No. 6
2013 FC 8
Docket IMM-456-12
Federal Court
Vancouver, British Columbia
Crampton C.J.
Heard: August 29, 2012.
Judgment: January 4, 2013.
Docket IMM-456-12
Federal Court
Vancouver, British Columbia
Crampton C.J.
Heard: August 29, 2012.
Judgment: January 4, 2013.
(53 paras.)
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT AND JUDGMENT
1 CRAMPTON C.J.:-- The Applicant, Valerian
Lukaj, brought this application for judicial review of a refusal of an
unidentified person at the Case Processing Centre [CPC] of Citizenship and
Immigration Canada [CIC] to process his parental sponsorship application. Mr.
Lukaj claims that:
CIC erred by concluding
that his sponsorship application, which he sent by registered mail on November
4, 2011, was received after that date, and therefore beyond the deadline set
forth in Ministerial Instructions issued earlier that day; and
The Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration acted beyond, or abused, his authority in issuing
those Ministerial Instructions, and refused to act in accordance with sections
12 and 13 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c 27 [IRPA] and Immigration And
Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227
[Regulations].
2 I
disagree. For the reasons that follow, this application is dismissed.
I. Background and Decision
under Review
3 On
November 4, 2011, CIC issued Operational Bulletin 350, entitled Fourth Set of Ministerial Instructions: Temporary Pause on Family
Class Sponsorship Applications for Parents and Grandparents [Ministerial Instructions], announcing that CIC would be
instituting a "temporary pause of up to 24 months on the acceptance of new
sponsorship applications for parents and grandparents." The Ministerial
Instructions also announced that this pause would be coming into effect the
following day, November 5, 2011.
4 After
learning of this announcement, Mr. Lukaj met with his counsel that afternoon to
finalize and submit his sponsorship application to CIC by registered mail, in
accordance with a Document Checklist previously issued by CIC.
5 On
December 20, 2011, the sponsorship application package was returned to the
office of Mr. Lukaj's counsel with an unsigned and undated form letter stating
that the date stamp on the application showed that it was received at the CPC's
processing center on or after November 5, 2011. The letter proceeded to explain
that CIC had temporarily stopped accepting new applications for the sponsorship
of parents and grandparents, effective November 5, 2011. It explained that only
applications received before that date would be processed by the CPC. It added
that this temporary pause in accepting new applications would continue until
further notice, and that as a result of that pause, his application and
supporting documentation were being returned to him, together with any fees
that he may have paid. The letter ended by stating that effective December 1,
2011, a Parent and Grandparent Super Visa would be available to those who
qualify. Mr. Lukaj was directed to CIC's website for additional information.
II. Standard of Review
6 The
issue of when Mr. Lukaj's application was "received" by the CPC
concerns CIC's interpretation of the Ministerial Instructions, which were
issued pursuant to section 87.3(3) of the IRPA.
7 In
Dunsmuir v New Brunswick, 2008
SCC 9, at para 54, [2008] 1 SCR 190 [Dunsmuir], a majority of the Supreme Court stated: "Deference will
usually result where a tribunal
is interpreting its own statute or statutes closely connected to its function,
with which it will have particular familiarity" (emphasis added). In
subsequently discussing, at paragraph 55, the standard applicable to questions
of law in general, it couched the test in terms of whether the question
"is of 'central importance to the legal system ... and outside the ...
specialized area of expertise' of the administrative
decision maker" (emphasis added). It added that
the review of questions of law not meeting this test might be compatible with a
reasonableness standard, where certain other factors so indicated. It also
identified three particular types of questions of law that will generally be
subject to review on a standard of correctness. None of those particular types
of question are at issue in this proceeding.
8 Later
in the majority decision, it was observed that the first step in the process of
judicial review involves ascertaining "whether the jurisprudence has
already determined in a satisfactory manner the degree of deference to be
accorded with regard to a particular category of question" (Dunsmuir, above, at para 62).
9 Prior
to Dunsmuir, it appears that
the jurisprudence may have determined that a visa officer's interpretation of
the IRPA and the Regulations was reviewable on a correctness standard of review
(Hilewitz v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration); De Jong v Canada
(Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2005 SCC 57,
at para 71, [2005] 2 SCR 706; dela Fuente v Canada
(Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006 FCA
186, at paras 39-51, [2007] 1 FCR 387 [dela Fuente]).
10 However,
since Dunsmuir, the Supreme
Court has repeated on numerous occasions that "deference will usually
result where a tribunal is interpreting its own statute or statutes closely
connected to its function, with which it will have particular familiarity"
(Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v
Alberta Teachers' Association 2011 SCC 61, at para 30,
[2011] 3 SCR 654 [Alberta Teachers]; Celgene Corporation v Attorney General of
Canada, 2011 SCC 1, at para 34; Smith v Alliance Pipeline Ltd., 2011 SCC 7,
at paras 26-28); Nor-Man Regional Health Authority Inc
v Manitoba Association of Health Care Professionals and Attorney General of
British Columbia, 2011 SCC 59, at para 36; Canada (Canadian Human Rights Commission) v Canada (Attorney
General), 2011 SCC 53, at para 16, [2011] 3 SCR 471).
It has also recently stated:
· This principle applies unless the interpretation of the home statute
falls into one of the categories of questions to which the correctness standard
continues to apply, i.e., "constitutional questions, questions of law that
are of central importance to the legal system as a whole and that are outside
the adjudicator's expertise, ...'[q]uestions regarding jurisdictional lines
between two or more competing tribunals' [and] true questions of jurisdiction
or vires" (Alberta Teachers, above, at para 30).
11 Indeed,
the Court has now gone so far as to say that "unless the situation is
exceptional, and we have not seen such a situation since Dunsmuir, the interpretation by the tribunal
of its 'own statute or statutes closely connected to its function, which with
it will have particular familiarity' should be presumed to be a question of
statutory interpretation subject to deference on judicial review" (Alberta Teachers, above, at para 34).
12 Given
the foregoing, I am of the view that the pre-Dunsmuir jurisprudence cannot be said to have already determined "in a
satisfactory manner," as contemplated by Dunsmuir, above, at para 62, the degree of deference to be accorded to an
administrative tribunal's
interpretation of the IRPA, the Regulations, or, by extension, ministerial
guidelines issued pursuant to those legislative enactments.
13 The
situation is less clear with respect to other types of administrative
decision-makers, particularly ministerial delegates, such as visa officers. In Toussaint v Canada (Attorney General), 2011
FCA 213, at para 19, the Federal Court of Appeal observed that it was uncertain
whether the reasonableness or correctness standard of review applied to the
interpretation and application of an administrative policy issued under an
Order in Council by a ministerial delegate employed at CIC. Given that nothing
turned on whether the standard of review was reasonableness or correctness, the
Court determined that it did not need to make a determination on this issue.
14 I
will adopt a similar approach in this case, as the conclusion that I have
reached below would be the same, regardless of whether the CIC's interpretation
of the Ministerial Guidelines is reviewed on a standard of reasonableness or
correctness.
15 The
issue of whether the Minister acted beyond, or abused, his authority in issuing
the Ministerial Instructions is reviewable on a correctness standard (Dunsmuir, above, at paras 59-60; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Khosa, 2009 SCC 12, at para 42, [2009] 1 SCR 339 [Khosa]).
IV. Analysis
Did CIC err in
concluding that it had "received" Mr. Lukaj's application on or after
November 5, 2011?
16 Mr.
Lukaj submits that the scheme established under the IRPA and the Regulations
for the sponsorship of specified individuals, including parents of permanent
residents and citizens, constitutes a contractual offer to potential sponsors
which furthers the objective of family reunification. He asserts that, by
filing an application, which includes a sponsorship undertaking, an applicant
effectively accepts the offered terms and communicates that he or she is
willing to enter into a binding agreement with CIC to undertake corresponding
obligations to enable the sponsored person(s) to be accepted for permanent
residence in Canada. He initially added that, having offered the contractual
terms set forth in the above-mentioned statutory scheme, the Minister was bound
by the "postal acceptance rule" to accept his application on the day
it was mailed. However, during the hearing of this application, his counsel
acknowledged that the postal acceptance rule does not apply in the context of a
sponsorship application. He therefore grounded Mr. Lukaj's position regarding
the contractual nature of his application in his view that he had a legitimate
expectation that his application would be processed once he sent it by
registered mail on November 4, 2011.
17 I
do not accept Mr. Lukaj's submissions on this point.
18 The
sponsorship scheme established by the IRPA and the Regulations is statutory,
rather than contractual, in nature (Canada (Attorney
General) v Mavi, 2011 SCC 30, at paras 47-50, [2011] 2
SCR 504).
19 Eligibility
to be sponsored as a member of the family class is established by subsection
12(1) of the IRPA, which states:
Selection of Permanent Residents
Family reunification
· 12. (1) A foreign national may be selected as
a member of the family class on the basis of their relationship as the spouse,
common-law partner, child, parent or other prescribed family member of a
Canadian citizen or permanent resident.
* * *
Sélection des résidents permanents
Regroupement familial
· 12. (1) La sélection des étrangers de la
catégorie "regroupement familial" se fait en fonction de la relation
qu'ils ont avec un citoyen canadien ou un résident permanent, à titre d'époux,
de conjoint de fait, d'enfant ou de père ou mère ou à titre d'autre membre de
la famille prévu par règlement.
20 The
corresponding eligibility of permanent residents and Canadian Citizens to
sponsor a family member is established by subsection 13(1) of the IRPA, which
states:
Sponsorship of Foreign Nationals
Right to sponsor family member
· 13. (1) A Canadian citizen or permanent
resident may, subject to the regulations, sponsor a foreign national who is a
member of the family class.
* * *
Régime de parrainage
Droit au parrainage : individus
· 13. (1) Tout citoyen canadien et tout
résident permanent peuvent, sous réserve des règlements, parrainer l'étranger
de la catégorie "regroupement familial".
21 The
regulatory framework applicable to sponsorship applications is set forth in
Division 3 of the Regulations, specifically, sections 130 - 137.
22 In
this statutory scheme, the right to sponsor a family member does not vest,
accrue or begin to accrue until an affirmative decision is made in respect of
the application (Kaur Gill v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2012 FC 1522, at para 40.
Until that time, an applicant simply has a hope that his or her application
will be accepted.
23 Indeed,
until that time, an applicant may not even have a right to have his or her
application processed (Liang v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2012 FC 758, at paras 5 -
11 and 43). This is clearly contemplated by the plain language in subsection
87.3(4), which applies to applications and requests made on or after February
27, 2008 (Budget Implementation Act, 2008, SC 2008, s. 120).
24 Mr.
Lukaj submits that he had a legitimate expectation that the Minister would
accept his sponsorship application based on its contractual nature and the fact
that the CIC's Document Checklist indicates that mail is the preferred mode of
communication.
25 I
disagree. In the same breath, Mr. Lukaj acknowledges that he "knew when we
sent the application on November 4, 2011 that it would not physically arrive at
the Case Processing Centre." In fact, the uncontested evidence is that his
application was physically received by the CPC on November 9, 2011. He was also
clearly informed by the Ministerial Instructions that his application would not
be accepted for processing if it did not receive before November 5, 2011.
Specifically, under the heading "Processing Instructions," he was
informed that: "[e]ffective November 5, 2011, no new family class
sponsorship applications for a sponsor's parents (R117(1)(c)) or grandparents (R117(1)(d))
will be accepted for processing." In addition, under the heading
"Applications Received on or after November 5, 2011," it was stated:
· New FC4 Sponsorship Applications for parents or grandparents
received by [the CPC] on or after November 5, 2011, will be returned to the
sponsor with a letter ... advising them of the temporary pause. Applications which are postmarked before November 5, 2011, but are
received at [the CPC] on or after November 5, 2011 will also be returned to the
sponsor. In both cases, processing fees shall be
returned. (Emphasis added)
26 Given
the foregoing, I disagree with Mr. Lukaj's assertions that the scheme
established by the IRPA and the Regulations constitute an "offer" which
he accepted, and that he had a legitimate expectation that his application
would be processed even though he knew it would not physically arrive until
after November 5, 2011. I note that Justice Zinn dealt with a similar situation
recently and concluded, as I have concluded, that "the applicant's
sponsorship application was required to have been mailed and received by CIC
before November 5, 2011" (Vahit Esensoy v Canada
(Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2012 FC 1343,
at para 8 [Esensoy]).
27 I
would simply add that it is settled law that sponsorship applications under the
family class are considered to be "received" only when they are
physically received, not when they are mailed (Hamid v
Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2006
FCA 217, at paras 45-47; Salhova v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 352, at paras
15-10; Lim v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration), 2005 FC, at para 28; Castro v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2005 FC 659, at para 10). I note that the affidavit of Glen
Bornais, Senior Analyst at CIC, dated July 1, 2012 [Bornais Affidavit], states,
at paragraph 27, that this is also the CIC's standard approach. This further
undermines Mr. Lukaj's position regarding his legitimate expectations (Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] 2 SCR 817, at para 26 [Baker]). This evidence was not contradicted by Mr. Lukaj.
Are the Ministerial
Instructions ultra vires or do they constitute an abuse of the Minister's
authority?
28 Mr.
Lukaj submits that the Minister acted beyond his authority in issuing the
Ministerial Instructions, because those instructions contravene the legislative
scheme established in sections 12 and 13 of the IRPA and in Part 7, Division 3
of the Regulations (ss. 130 - 137), including the sponsorship rights created
therein.
29 I
disagree. This argument was recently addressed and rejected by Justice Zinn in Esensoy, above, at paras 8 - 21. I concur
with the reasons given by Justice Zinn and see no need to repeat them here.
30 Further,
and in the alternative, Mr. Lukaj submits that the issuance of the Ministerial
Instructions was arbitrary, unfair, done in bad faith and therefore constituted
an abuse of the Minister's authority.
31 I
disagree. In Esensoy, above, at
para 18, Justice Zinn found that the Minister appears to have had a legitimate
and bona fide rational for
issuing the Ministerial Instructions:
· The record shows that there was a 165,000 application backlog when
the Ministerial Instructions were announced. As of January 2012, the
anticipated processing time for applications for permanent residence arising
out of Turkey could take up to 81 months. This was arguably an issue that
required administrative intervention and the Minister's actions appear to have
been bona fide and directed to that backlog issue.
32 The
evidence adduced in the present proceeding confirms that there was a backlog of
approximately 165,000 applications at the time the Ministerial Instructions
were issued. According to the Bornais Affidavit, at paragraph 10, this backlog
stood at 103,000 at the beginning of 2008. Among other things, paragraph 10 of
that affidavit provided the following additional helpful information:
· Growing backlogs compromise Canada's ability to deliver the most
efficient immigration system possible. There are mounting costs associated with
maintaining the backlogs. Rather than processing applications resources are spent managing applications and responding to complaints and requests for
information. A corollary of backlogs is lengthening wait times, since as
backlogs grow clients must wait longer and longer for their applications to be
processed. Not only do wait times represent poor client service and force
applicants to put life decisions on hold, but they also reduce public
confidence in the immigration system. Finally, lengthening wait times expose
the government to the risk of legal challenge (i.e., mandamus
litigation).
33 The
Bornais Affidavit further noted that the temporary pause was part of a broad
Action Plan for Faster Family Reunification. Among other things, Phase I of
that plan includes three other principal components. The first of those
components committed the federal government to increasing the number of
sponsored parents and grandparents that it will admit from nearly 15,500 in
2010 to 25,000 in 2012 - an increase of approximately 60%. The second of those
components was the establishment of a Parent and Grandparent Super Visa, which can
be valid for up to 10 years and allow multiple entries for up to 24 months at a
time without the renewal of status. This came into effect on December 1, 2011.
The third component was a commitment to consult with Canadians regarding the
redesign of the parents and grandparents sponsorship program to ensure that it
is sustainable into the future. Paragraph 22 of the Bornais Affidavit states
that this consultation was launched on March 23, 2012.
34 These
features of the Minister's action plan were all explained in the press release
issued by CIC on November 4, 2011. That press release also explained that Phase
II of the action plan would be initiated "in about two years, following
our consultations." At that time, the plan contemplates that the temporary
pause will be lifted, future applications will be processed quickly, and that
the program for sponsoring parents and grandparents will operate on a more
efficient and sustainable basis than in the past.
35 In
the meantime, according to the Bornais Affidavit, at paragraph 22, CIC is
continuing "to process, on a priority basis, all sponsorship applications
for spouses, partners and dependent children, regardless of levels plan
targets."
36 The
rationale for implementing the Ministerial Instructions on very short notice is
briefly explained in the Speaking notes for The
Honourable Jason Kenney, PC, MP Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and
Multiculturalism, which were released at the news
conference held on November 4, 2011, to announce the temporary pause and the
other prong's of the Minister's action plan.
· ... [A]s we redesign the program to make it sustainable, here's the
challenge we have: if we leave the program open for applications during that
period of consultation and redesign, we know what will happen - we will get
absolutely flooded with a huge increase in applications. Because people will
say "if the criteria might change, we need to get our application in right
away." And we're very concerned about this possibility. This has happened
before. Immigration consultants and lawyers will go to their clients and say
"we're going to send your application in right now." And then we'll
go from 40,000 applications to 50 or 60 or 70,000, and we'll never be able to
deal with the backlog.
37 According
to an affidavit sworn by Sharon Ferreira, who is an Operations Coordinator at
the CPC, on July 10, 2012, the processing time for parents and grandparents
sponsorship applications was approximately 31 to 55 months at that time. At the
visa office in Rome, Italy, where Mr. Lukaj's application likely would have
been sent for processing, the processing time was approximately 40 months. Had
Mr. Lukaj submitted his application prior to November 5, 2011, that processing
time likely would not have begun until "after 2013."
38 Considering
all of the foregoing, I agree with Justice Zinn's finding in Esensoy, above, at para 18, that issuance of
the Ministerial Instructions appears to have been part of a bona fide course of action designed to
address the above-described backlog. I am satisfied that the Minister's actions
in this regard were not arbitrary or taken in bad faith.
39 Mr.
Lukaj also submitted that the principles of procedural fairness required that
he be given some notice of the change in the Minister's policy, given that the
Ministerial Instruction affected his substantive right to sponsor his parents.
40 I
disagree.
41 It
is well established that the content of the duty of fairness owed to visa
applicants is at the low end of the spectrum (Petrosyn
v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),
2012 FC 1319, at para 19; Chiau v Canada (Minister of
Citizenship and Immigration), [2001] 2 FC 297, at para
41 (CA); Kahn v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration), 2001 FCA 345, at paras 30-32, [2002] 2 FC
413; Patel v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration), 2002 FCA 55, at para 10, 23 Imm LR (3d)
161).
42 As
discussed above, Mr. Lukaj had no vested, accrued or accruing right to sponsor
his parents. Nor did he have a right to have his application processed. In
addition, he did not have a legitimate expectation that his application, which
he knew would not be received by CIC until after the deadline established in
the Ministerial Instruction, would be processed.
43 Pursuant
to subsection 87.3(2) of the IRPA, the Minister has, and had under the version
of the IRPA that was in force at the time of the decision in 2011 that is the
subject of this proceeding, broad statutory authority regarding the processing
of sponsorship applications, including those referred to in subsection 13(1) (Esensoy, above, at paras 10-12).
44 As
explained above, the Minister appears to have had legitimate and bona fide reasons for issuing the
Ministerial Instructions and for doing so on very short notice.
45 Considering
all of the foregoing, the duty of fairness owed to Mr. Lukaj did not include a
right to more advance notice of the "temporary pause" in the
processing of applications that was brought about by the issuance of the
Ministerial Instructions (dela Fuente, above, at para 20l; Salahova, 2010 FC 352, at para 21; Baker, above, at paras 26-27).
V. Conclusion
46 For
the reasons set forth above, the CIC did not err in concluding that it had
"received" Mr. Lukaj's application on or after November 5, 2011.
Moreover, the Minister did not act beyond his authority, in bad faith or in an
arbitrary manner in issuing the Ministerial Instructions. In addition, the
issuance of the Ministerial Instructions on very short notice did not breach
any duty of fairness owed to Mr. Lukaj.
47 Accordingly,
this application is dismissed.
48 At
the end of the hearing of this application, the Respondent proposed the
following question for certification:
· Given the Minister's responsibility to administer the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
[IRPA] in a manner that achieves the various objectives set out at subsection
3(1), and to manage these objectives within the Government's annual plan for
total admissions, does section 13 of the IRPA preclude the Minister from
implementing Instructions under section 87.3 of the IRPA that temporarily pause
the acceptance of sponsorship applications to reduce the application backlog
and associated wait times for sponsored parents and grandparents?
49 In
the alternative, in the event that the Court preferred a more open question,
the respondent proposed the following question for certification:
· In issuing and enforcing a temporary pause on the receipt of new
sponsorship applications for parents and grandparents as set out in the
Ministerial Instructions of November 5, 2011, did the Minister exceed his discretionary
authority and were his actions ultra vires the IRPA?
50 In
my view, neither of these proposed questions raises "a serious question of
general importance," as contemplated by paragraph 74(d) of the IRPA. For
the reasons explained by Justice Zinn in Esensoy, above, it is clear that it was within the Minister's statutory
authority to issue the Ministerial Instructions, including the aspect of those
instructions which effected a temporary pause in the acceptance of applications
to sponsor a parent or a grandparent.
51 I
would simply add that neither of the proposed questions set forth above would
be dispositive of this application, if answered in the negative (Varela v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2009 FCA 145, at para 28).
52 In
my view, no other serious question of general importance arises from this
application.
53 Accordingly,
there is no issue for certification.
JUDGMENT
THIS COURT ORDERS AND ADJUDGES that:
This application is
dismissed.
There is no question
for certification.
CRAMPTON C.J.
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